Real War Movies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3021 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Cinematographic Art Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from IWO JIMA: Two perspective of the same war Introduction War movies have stand the test of time and gain critical and commercial success because it is important that it should be about the real war. War movies, particularly movies depicting World War II have a trend in being one sided (Feroze, 2008). The topics explored in war movies are combat, survivor, getaway stories, tales of fearless sacrifice and struggle, submarine warfare, studies of the inefficiency and brutality of the battle, the effects of war on society, and intelligent and reflective explorations of the moral and human issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Real War Movies" essay for you Create order The distinctive elements in an action-oriented war plots consist of submarine warfare, surveillance, camp experiences and escapes, personal heroism, brutalities, air fights, hard infantry experiences, and male bonding adventures during the battle. Various war movies carry out balance in soul-searching, tragic consequences and inner turmoil of fighters with action-packed, dramatic scenes, passionately demonstrating the enthusiasm and chaos of warfare. Some war films focus on the home front rather than on the conflict at the military war à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"front. However most of them present criticism of senseless combat. In order to motivate national pride and morale, and to present the dignity of ones own forces while ruthlessly showing and criticizing the evilness of the opponent, especially during war and post-war periods, war movies have been frequently using a flag-waving propagandas. Jingoistic-type war does not typically symbolize realistic war to support national in terest, whereas avoiding the realism of horrors of war. The good guys are depicted as colliding with bad guys (Dirks, 2008). War movies as an important genre started after the occurrence of World War I. Film makers have been using the American history, extending from the French war and Indian war to the Vietnam war, as the foundation of making war movies. In general, wars from the 20th century specifically the first and second world war gives the film makers ideas in creating a good war film. An ordinary factor of controversial war films, whether it was made by American, European, or Asians, is the lack of noticeable enemies (Buruma, 2007). Clint Eastwood had made two movies of the same subject but differentperspective of the characters. He has broken all the leads of the traditional jingoist war movie genre and produced two excellent films, one in English: Flag of Our Fathers, and one in Japanese: Letters from Iwo Jima. The inspiration of Clint Eastwood in making th e movie Letters From Iwo Jima was the letter from of Japanese commander Lt. Gen. Tadamichi Kuribayashi to his family while fighting with the Americans during the battle in Iwo Jima (Ellison, 2007). Part of the letter was quoted by Buruma (2007): I may not return alive from this assignment, but let me assure you that I shall fight to the best of my ability, so that no disgrace will be brought upon our family. I will fight as a son of Kuribayashi, the Samurai, and will behave in such a manner as to deserve the name of Kuribayashi. May ancestors guide me. IWO JIMA During the World War II, American marines invaded the island of Iwo Jima from February 19 to March 26, 1945. The battle between the US marines and the Japanese troops was a main idea of the Pacific Campaign of the WW II. The Marine assault, renowned as the Operation Detachment, was indicted with the undertaking of taking over the airfields of the island. Early in the battle, six US marines have reached Mount Suribachi in the island of Iwo Jima and raised the US flag. However, only three of the six has survived the battle. The battle between the American marines and the Japanese army was depicted in the movies of Clint Eastwood, Flag of Our Fathers and Letter From Iwo Jima. The Flag of Our Fathers was the American point of view of what happened during the battle at Iwo Jima. The movie was based on the book written by the son of one of the surviving marines who raised the flag in Mount Suribachi. During the battle, more than 22,000 Japanese soldiers defended their island whil e almost 26,000 American marines spearheaded the invasion. The main feature of the movie is the tragic life stories of the six men who raised the American flag at the top of the Mount Suribachi during the battle. The movie tried to highlight the heroism of the three survivors of the battle who have raised the American flag during the battle and after they had returned home. The Letters From Iwo Jima is the Japanese perspective of the Iwo Jima battle which was the first battle that the Americans attack on the Japanese lands. The island stands in between the American marines and the islands of Japan. Thus, the Japanese Army is hopeless in stopping the Americans in providing a take-off point in invading the island of Japan. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi was given authority of the forces on Iwo Jima and begins to plan for the forthcoming attack. Yet, General Kuribayashi was against the traditional tactics advised by his subordinates, and offense and confrontation fester amon g his staff. In the lower rank, Saigo, a poor civilian, struggle with his friends to survive the strict command of the Imperial Japanese Army, all the while knowing that a violent war is a about to happen. When the Americans attacked, Kuribayashi and Saigo achieve strength, honor, courage, and horrors beyond imagination. The movie focuses on how the Japanese army defended their land. The Flags of Our Father and Letters From Iwo Jima is a human tragedy of friendship and love, sacrifice and manipulation, set touching the brutal clash of the battle. The movies of Eastwood had brought together home and war which became a very important feature of both movies. Comparison and Contrast The scene in the black-and-white sulfur shore appeared in both movies of Clint Eastwood. It was shot on Iwo Jima which is considered as a part of Tokyo City in Japan. In both movies, the brutal effect of the war was shown. A man whose arm was blown off in explosion and Japanese soldier staring at the man face who was exploded was focused in detail. Soldiers in closed gaps were set on fire with flamethrowers. The movie Flags of Our Fathers highlights the flag raising of the six American in Iwo Jima which was shown in the Letters of Iwo Jima at a distance. The American perspective focused the lives of the six men during and after the battle while the Japanese perspective featured the nobility of the soldiers. The movies on the battle in Iwo Jima showed that the Japanese and American armies consist of noble men and men with selfish and morally disgusting decisions. The narrative arrangement of the movie was presented by using flashbacks. These lets the story goes in and out of the battle scenes which have prevented a long battle followed by a falling action. The Flag of Our Fathers has displayed the character of heroism, the idea of patriotism, and the effectiveness of war. Letters From Iwo Jima explored the same premise more philosophical. Terribly lack of supplies and starving, the Japanese soldiers excavates and eagerly waited the arrival of the American troops. Many of the Japanese soldiers suffered dysentery. Some of them know that their fleets have been damaged. The American patriotism displayed in the Flags of Our Fathers was planned and well intentioned but established on half truths. The Japanese patriotism showed in Letters From Iwo Jima was a force one basing from honor, fear and oppression. The greatest honor of a Japanese soldier was to die in defending the land of their country. The Letters of Iwo Jima also showed how Americans killed Japanese soldiers cruelly. It was shown that even the Japanese soldiers surrender, Americans s till kill them. It was also shown how the soldiers commit suicide instead of being killed. The cautious expression of doubts and brutal signs of humanity are presented in dialogues between the young soldiers. General Kuribayashi has doubted his knowledge on wars but never doubted to carry his duty until death. Unlike Saigo that he prioritize his family instead of sacrificing his life in the battle. The character of Saigo is different from Ira Hayes in the movie Flags of our Fathers. Ira Hayes, who is an Indian reserve, acted by Adam Beach had found home and comfort and marines and has an interesting character in the movie. Hayes portrayed a loyal soldier because he has considered the US Marines as his family. Hayes was one of the Marines who raised the flag and has survived the battle. The role of Doc Bradley was the highlight of the Flags of Our Fathers. In the movie, it was seen how Bradley risks his life by crawling in a lethal crossfire to help a wounded soldier. This act of Bradley has nothing to do with heroism and patriotism but it shows that war is not only dying for ones country but also dying for a friend (Buruma, 2007). The subtitles in the Japanese perspective reveal the use of rude languages such as the damn and the s-word. The Flags of the Fathers is depicts the war in a colorless battle scenes in flashbacks in the Letter in Iwo Jima, it was in present tense appearing in black-and-white shots with a tint of green uniforms and some colorized flashbacks. The movies show and optimistic sensibility when the American troops attacked the Japanese knowing that there is a possibility for them to die but they fought and tried to survive unlike the Japanese soldiers that the defense of Iwo Jima is a mission that they can not turn their backs to ant would rather commit suicide than surrender (Ellison, 2007). It is nice to see Flags of Our Fathers prior to Letters of Iwo Jima to help in putting the events that is display scenes in the Letters of Iwo Jima into perspective. The movies display both perspectives of the Americans and Japanese regarding the battle in Iwo Jima which help the viewers analyze critically what really happened in the battle. The movies also showed different point of view on war and dignity. Significant Scenes The most significant scene in the movie Flags of Our Fathers was the raising of the American flag. This event is significant in the American history because it symbolizes the victory of the Americans in the battle of Iwo Jima. One significant point in Eastwoods movie is when Saigo was seen lying on the ground lined with wounded American soldiers and he was not recognized as an enemy. The importance of these scene signifies the surrender of Saigo and chooses not to commit suicide in order to go home to his family. 4.1 Characters of the movies The most outstanding performance in the movie Flags of our Fathers was from Adam Beach who played the soldier who is the most expressively troubled by the battle, and he did not at all agreed with what the press and military had done after the publishing of the photo. The three main soldiers in the movie Flag of our Fathers were portrayed by Ryan Phillippe, Jesse Bradford, and Adam Beach. No one of the three are A-list leading men and many minor characters were played by known actors such as Paul Walker, Barry Pepper, and Robert Patrcik. Kuribayashi was played by Ken Watabe in the Letters From Iwo Jima and the only famous actor in the movie. The character of the Kuribayashi displayed a noble obligation on his men and dislike for the brutal officers who look upon him as a soft American-lover. It was his idea to fight underground rather fighting face to face with the enemies. Kuribayashi also shows a fighter who displays much affection in fighting with dignity. He also disp lays a typical Japanese soldier role that would die with honor and valor. Unlike other Japanese leaders seen in typical war movies, General Kuribayashi was in front of his men and was not afraid of a tactic retreat. He is also a leader who defends his men from brutality. The character of Kuribayashi and Saigo displays a complicated and compelling answers on what is the meaning of living and dying with honor. In the real battle, 22,000 Japanese troops defended Iwo Jima but only a thousand have survived. In the movie, Saigo is the only survival in his unit. He lived in the idea that there is no shame in surrendering. He displayed a role of a family-loving man. The role of Saigo showed sanity as he surrendered because of wanting to see his family. He identified the natural value of life that is shown in a flashback scene in the movie. One of the soldiers in the movie, Shimizu, displays blind obedience and suicidal passion. He threatens Saigo when Saigo refuses to commit su icide but he himself has doubt of killing himself for honor during the battle and at last decided to surrender but was killed by the Americans. The characters of Saigo and Shimizu show that not all soldiers who fight in the battlefield are ready to sacrifice their lives for honor, valor, and dignity. Some soldiers fight because it is their duty to fight for their country but the heart of dying for the country was not instilled in them. 4.2 Focus In the movie Flag of the Fathers, it highlights the raising of the flag and the life of the survivors who raised the flag. The movie is not a typical war movie that centers on the battle, instead it shows the significance of the flag raising. The movie did not show where the enemies or did not emphasize on the battle itself, instead focused on the effect of the on the survivors of the flag raisers. The movie showed how the surviving soldiers were abused by the government to sell war bonds to finance the war (Roten 2006). The movie Letters From Iwo Jima focused on the battle for Iwo Jima during the World War II. It showed how the soldiers tried to defend the island from the Americans. It showed what Japanese soldiers mean by dying with honor. The movie is not focused on only one character but focused on the different response of the soldiers on the battle. Unlike in the Flags, the focus is on the three survivors of the war. In the Flags, the Japanese soldiers were seen but they are faceless. It was seen that there are firing from bunkers and tunnels but the people firing were not seen. In the Letters, it showed the strategic plan of the officers of the Japanese soldiers in the counter attack to the Americans but the Americans were not also seen. 4.3 American and Japanese values The Japanese soldiers display the character of fighting with honor. For them to fight with honor is to die in the battle. They know that there is no way to win the battle but some of the soldiers have the courage to die instead of surrendering. Some of the soldiers like Saigo depict the character of giving importance to family than dying in the battle that is hopeless. The Japanese perspective movie shows the other side of the battle. It demonstrates patriotic acts and heroic acts on the part of the Japanese soldiers. On the American perspective, the movie demonstrates patriotism in the way the American troops gave their full loyalty to their country that with them knowing the consequences of the battle for Iwo Jima. Conclusion The Flags of Our Fathers raises the issue on discrimination of the people involved in the battle. It also displays how the surviving soldiers were exploited by the US government after the war. The movie shows that soldiers do not fight to become heroes instead fight for nationalism and patriotism (Greydanus, 2006). The Letters From Iwo Jima is a unique American-made war movies the displays the battle from the losers point of view and it considered the American to be the enemy. The movie showed the how the Japanese officials strategically fought the enemies and lead his people until death displaying the true meaning of fighting with honor. The movies of Clint Eastwood had changed the perception on war movies. Both, the Flag of Our Fathers and The Letters From Iwo Ima, displayed, in a way, the value of war and family at the same time. Also, the movies showed a two-sided view of the battle which is very important in order for the viewers to fully understand the real battle scenario that had happened. War movies of Clintwood give us a clear point of view that winning a battle is not just killing all enemies. A soldier can be a winner depending on what he believes in. War movies are now a famous genre. The two movies of Clint Eastwood showed a different trend of war movies. It did not focus on the battle itself, unlike other war movies, but on the effects of war to the soldiers who fought and its impact to the society. War movies capture a great interest to the movie goers but their satisfaction depends on the quality and the sequence of the movie. Movie goers love a war movie that depicts a real war. A movie that displays a battle with good lighting, sounds, proper sequencing, and near to true-to-real battle stories will give audience give a good critique. References Berardinelli, J (2006). Letters from Iwo Jima Buruma, I. (2007). Eastwoods War. The New York Review of Books, 54, (2) . Dirks, T. (2008) War and Anti-War Films. https://www.filmsite.org/warfilms.html Ellison, M. S. (2007) Letter From Iwo Jima: a Film to write about. Feroze, T (2008) Letters from Iwo Jima: The war from the other side https://www.dhakacourier.net/issue22/other/doc3.htm Greydanus, S. (2006) Flag of Or Fathers. Decent Film guides. https://www.decentfilms.com/sections/reviews/flagsofourfathers.html. Koresky, M (2006) Eyes of a Stranger. https://www.reverseshot.com/article/letters_iwo_jima Myers, J. (2007) Letters From Iwo Jima. https://www.mercatornet.com/articles/letters_from_iwo_jima/ February 2, 2007 Roten, R. (2006) Laramie Movie Scope:Flags of Our Fathers Dealing with both terrible war memories and fame

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Solutions to Global Poverty Free Essays

There are different solutions to Global Poverty nowadays. Foreign aid is considered one of the most effective because it helps in pioneering new ideas for development and solves the budgeting problem that might ruin even the brightest project. There is considerable scope for improving on the current level of foreign aid, around $120 billion per annum. We will write a custom essay sample on Solutions to Global Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another solution is tax recovery. Multinational corporations and wealthy elites minimize tax burdens so that poor countries are denied tax revenues from each of these sources exceeding in aggregate the current level of foreign aid. Besides this, investment in the rural economy always pays off. Rewards of economic growth are to be spent on payments for the poor and for immunisation. Of equal importance to local communities and individual households is greater power to control their own affairs.  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics. An infusion of accountability through democracy and individual rights creates the environment in which governments come under pressure to end wasteful practices and corruption. However the removal of agricultural subsidies that protect American and European farmers is needed to create a favorable atmosphere for the real business competition to take place. A fundamental reordering of priorities is the surest remedy for the poor, as indeed it may be for all of us in search of a sustainable future. Plenty of issues call for fundamental reform of global governance. Undoubtedly, some other sectors where developing countries struggle for treatment are trade, investment, intellectual property rights, climate change and energy. It’s a well-known fact that Brazil, China and Vietnam are countries with the greatest success in poverty reduction. Only their governments control key sectors of their economies and show little inclination to relax those restrictions on human rights and democratic freedom. That’s why we need to find another solution of this consequential issue. How to cite Solutions to Global Poverty, Papers

Yoga essay free essay sample

Cat pose and downward facing dog There are many different poses in yoga but I have lower back pain and shoulder tension, thus when I look at the poses I tried to look for basic yoga poses that help relieve pain in your low back. Also, I have been struggle with depression and anxiety, I’m hoping to learn how to relax and reduce the amount of my medication. The first pose is cat pose is one of the poses that we learned in class. Sanskrit term for cat pose is Marjaryasana. When we do this pose, you want your shoulder to relax, do not shrug in your shoulder. We also should let our neck free, also do not force our head into our chest. Cat pose supposes to loosen the back and spine. The follow-up pose is cow pose (Bitilasana). Preparation poses for cat pose are eagle pose (Garudasana), child pose (Balasana). We will write a custom essay sample on Yoga essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The sequences of poses that I did are child pose, cat pose, and then cow pose. Advice for this pose is when we are doing the cat pose, if we find it’s hard to round the very top of our back; we could ask a friend to put their hands above and between shoulder blades to get it active. Thus, it could make this pose easier. Benefits of the cat pose are: it is excellent to create a supple spine and preventing injury, it also purifies the blood, reinvigorates the spine and internal organs, relives tension from the lower back. It also relaxes our neck where we tend to put tension. The second pose is downward facing dog pose. The Sanskrit term for this pose is Adho Mukha Svanasana. If we break this term down, the words â€Å"adho† meaning downward, â€Å"mukha† meaning face, and â€Å"svana† meaning dog. This pose requires strong back leg and it focus on the upper back. The benefits of the pose are calms the brain, helps relieve stress and mild depression. Because it’s an upside down pose, it also helps energize the body, stretches the shoulders, hamstrings, calves, arches and hands. Plank pose (Adho Mukha Svanasana) and standing forward fold (Uttanasana) are preparatory poses. Some follow-up poses are supported headstand (salamba sirsasana) and standing forward fold (uttanasana). This is the sequence of three poses that I did: plank pose, standing forward fold, and downward  facing dog. I was feeling at ease when I followed the instruction and do the poses. My mood did lighten up a bit since I do have depression. Some advices when we do downward facing dog is you could raise your hand off the floor on two weight for the wrist, or the seat of a metal folding chair in case of having difficulty releasing and opening your shoulders, feeling that it’s hard on your wrists. I had a back injury thus doing yoga is really a challenge for me. I like yoga because it’s a self- challenge. I don’t have to compete with anyone except myself. I can do most of the pose in the class thus I don’t feel frustration. However, after I did couple poses in class I often have low back pain especially when I lay down on my back. I learned the patient and as well as relaxation technique through yoga. I think this meditation is what I really appreciate because I have depression and anxiety. Since I practice yoga again this semester, I did cut down on my medication and feel like my mood lifted a lot better.

Information Systems and Small Business

Question: Discuss about the Information Systems and Small Business. Answer: Introduction The following study examines the various concepts of accounting and its relevance in Australian as well as the global market. Besides this, it assesses the issues in measurement of costs. For the purpose of this study, Caltex Australia has been selected. The brand supplies quality lubricant products that include engine oils, driveline fluids as well as hydraulic oils and industrial products. The annual report of the year 2015 has been evaluated to measure the accounting policies and the strategies of the company. Evaluation of Accounting Concepts According to Brinca et al. (2016), the accounting concepts encompass a broad range of transactions and accounting activities in the business entity. However, there have been issues in the measurement of accounting relating to the assets, liabilities as well as costs. In the context of Caltex Australia, there have been issues relating to the measurement of remuneration offered to the business enterprise (De Simone 2016). As such, the management of the business entity has to take the necessary measures so that the remuneration policy adheres to the AASB framework. In this regard, it can be stated that attributes like the alterations in the accounting methods adopted by a business enterprise as well as the volatile market conditions can have an impact on the operational policies of the business entity. According to Bull (2014), the valuation of assets as well as the costs is the essential factors that would have an impact on the operational strategies of a business enterprise. In additi on, the valuation of the costs is another issue in the context of globally reputed companies operating in Australia. Bull (2014) mentioned that the brand has been following the fair value measurement concept that measures the financial assets of the company based on the existing market condition of the business enterprise. As such, in the present global market the fair value measurement concept is the most relevant tool in the measurement of the assets present in a business enterprise. According to Hartmann and Mouritsen (2013), the measurement of cost is one of the most pertinent issues that has been affecting the financial and the operational strategies of the business entity. Therefore, it remains necessary to measure costs in an appropriate manner that would be relevant and as per the changing accounting measures in the business entity. Issues in Measurement There have been issues relating to measurement for business entities that have traditionally followed the IASB/AASB standards in preparing the year-ended financial statements. These factors have led to financial as well as operational issues for the business entity. Alterations in the Market Conditions- Kaplan and Atkinson (2015) stated that the alterations in the market conditions should have an adverse impact on the measurement issues of the business entity. A volatile market condition shall lead to financial instability for the business entity and shall lead to measurement issues for the business entity. According to Cortesi et al. (2015 the business entity shall have to adjust to the changing market conditions and would lead the business enterprise to financial stability in the international market. In the context of Caltex Australia, the brand operates in an extremely vulnerable market environment. As such, it is essential for the business entity to develop measurement issues that can adjust towards rapid changes in the global market. Accounting Method Frequent changes in the accounting method would have an impact on the financial strategies of the business entity. De Simone et al (2016) stated that the alterations in the accounting method would prevent effective comparison with the past years of the organization. Ineffective accounting method for the business entity would hamper the existing business functionalities for the business enterprise and wastage of the financial resources for a business enterprise. The organization adheres to the AASB guideline in preparing its year-ended financial statements for the business enterprise. In the context of Caltex Australia, the brand has been following the AASB accounting method over a period. However, frequent changes in the accounting method would lead to financial irregularities. Variable expenses Deegan (2012) stated that it is normal that the variable expenses would not remain constant with each successive year. As such, it is necessary that variable expenses of the organizations have to be accounted for and the year-ended financial statements be prepared accordingly. In the case of Caltex Australia, the variable expenses have been a substantial part of the expenditure in executing the operational functionalities of the business entity (Gray 2014). Therefore, Caltex Australia has made structural changes to the existing business functionalities of the organizations to determine its variable expenses in a half-yearly and annual manner. Recognition of Assets and Liabilities- In AASB standards the assets and the liabilities of the organization can have to be recognized only when it incurs benefits and expense to the business entity (Holmes 2012). As such, the recognition of assets depends on the financial benefits it brings towards the organization. Thus, it becomes necessary that the financial benefits arising from the assets can be measured and defined in monetary terms. Such assessments are not always possible and this leads to issues in the measurement of the assets and the liabilities in a business enterprise. Fues et al. (2013) mentioned that Caltex Australia has faced issues in the recent times regarding the recognition and the assessment of the assets as well as the liabilities of the business organization. Non-compliance with the AASB standard Gray (2014) mentioned that non-compliance with the AASB standard would have an impact on the financial authenticity as well as relevancy of the accounting data entered in the financial statements of the business entity. Such measurement processes have been developed to ensure that the financial statements reveal the exact details of the financial condition of a business enterprise. According to Haider (2015), the non-compliance with the AASB standard would lead to the disproportionate allocation of expenses in a business organization. Besides this, the non-compliance with this standard can also result in inaccurate assessment of the financial condition of the business entity. These are the issues in the measurement of accounting, which has been affecting the economic condition of globally reputed business enterprises operating in Australia. In the context of Caltex Australia, the measurement in accounting shall have to depend on two factors, which includes the unit of the measurement and the pertinent attribute that is required to be measured. According to Hartmann and Mouritsen (2013), the different monetary units that can be measured are historical cost, and the net realizable value. Besides, this includes the present value method in assessing the existing cash flows in the business organization. Therefore, reputed business entities as if Caltex Australia has been adopting the fair value method as well as the present value method in assessing the financial state and identifying the relevant financial measures that can be adopted to take corrective action. However, Hodgson and Russell (2014) noted that the present value tool is a recent innovation from the FASB statement that helps in identifying the cash flows in the organization. As such, the pertinent accounting issue in the case of Caltex Australia is to identify t he measurement tool that would be most suitable for the brand in assessing the existent cash inflows and the cash outflows in the business entity. Accounting principle- The most relevant accounting principles that are adopted by global business entities operating in Australia is the realization accounting principle. Holmes (2012) stated that the realization accounting principle relates to the accrual method of accounting in preparing the year-ended accounting statements for a business entity. However, Hopper (2012) noted that the realization accounting principle has certain drawbacks. Besides this, the management of the business entity has failed to develop the realization accounting principles as per the existing needs of the business enterprise. In addition, the realization accounting principle can be only met if certain conditions are fulfilled. These include the following: The earning process shall have to be completed There should be a reasonable certainty or assurance to gather revenue for the business entity Therefore, the realization accounting principle can be only applicable if the above conditions are attained. Therefore, this accounting principle has a restricted scope. Relevance and Representational Faithfulness in Accounting The annual report of Caltex Australia has been prepared considering its relevance and authenticity to the relevant parties in a business enterprise. According to Ismail and King (2014), Caltex Australia has been maintaining due diligence and authenticity in the preparation of the financial statements. Therefore, the management of the business organization has to take the relevant measures to develop the operational as well as the financial measures in retaining the authenticity of the financial statements prepared in a business entity. Besides this, the business entity has been making due efforts in checking each of the transactions to increase authenticity. Ismail and King (2014) stated that representational faithfulness relates to preparing the accounts with authenticity and trust, and without having any bias to any party. Thus, the financial statements would reflect the actual financial condition of the business entity and help the stakeholders making informed financial decisions. Kaplan and Atkinson (2015) mentioned that Caltex Australia uses the fair value method in measuring the assets and the liabilities of the business entity. Therefore, the assets as well as liabilities in the business organization would be measured in an appropriately and would reveal the actual market value. Another essential aspect is the recognition of revenue in the business organization. According to Deegan (2012), the identification of the revenue would have to be strictly as per the IASB/ AASB framework. Therefore, the brand has made pertinent efforts in ensuring transparency and representational faithfulness in the development of the financial statements of the business organization. Gray (2014) stated that relevance has been an effective feature in developing an effective positive impression on the stakeholders and making effective business decisions for the stakeholders of the business entity. Caltex Australia has implemented an effective internal auditing team for identifying any discrepancy in the financial processes of the business entity. The financial statements of the business entity shall consist of detailed financial data and would have an impact on the financial position of the business entity. This includes the remuneration measures that has been implemented that awards the employees solely based on their performance. Besides this, the business organizations consider its essential responsibility towards the society in establishing transparency as well as authenticity in its financial policies that would prevent any financial manipulation. According to Haider (2015), the management of the business entity would have an influence on the marketing and the operational policies of the business entity. Therefore, relevancy and representative faithfulness are two essential characteristics of the financial statements that would help the stakeholders to make informed financial decisions. Conclusion There has been certain measurement issue in accounting that has considerably hampered the financial assessment of Caltex Australia. These include the alterations in the market conditions as well as frequent changes in accounting method. Besides this, it includes the non-compliance with the accounting standards and thee recognition of the assets and the liabilities of a business enterprise. However, relevance as well as representational faithfulness is one of the essential characteristics of the financial statements prepared by a business entity. Thus, relevant financial data has been stated in the financial reports that would assist the investors in making informed financial decisions. References Brinca, P., Chari, V. V., Kehoe, P. J., McGrattan, E. (2016). Accounting for Business Cycles (No. 531). Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Bull, R. J. (2014). Accounting in business. Butterworth-Heinemann. Cortesi, A., Tettamanzi, P., Scaccabarozzi, U., Spertini, I., Castoldi, S. (2015). Advanced Financial Accounting: Financial Statement AnalysisAccounting IssuesGroup Accounts. EGEA spa. De Simone, L. (2016). Does a common set of accounting standards affect tax-motivated income shifting for multinational firms?. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 61(1), 145-165. Deegan, C. (2012). Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Fuest, C., Spengel, C., Finke, K., Heckemeyer, J., Nusser, H. (2013). Profit shifting and'aggressive'tax planning by multinational firms: Issues and options for reform. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (13-044). Gray, S. J. (Ed.). (2014). International accounting and transnational decisions. Butterworth-Heinemann. Haider, S. (2015). Exploring the Relationship between Changes in Accounting Policies and Valuation of Australian Banking Firms (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University). Hartmann, B., Mouritsen, J. (2013). Inscribing the future: goodwill accounting at the nexus of financial and management accounting. In 2nd Workshop on Financial Reporting and Auditing as Social and Organizational Practice (pp. 1-43). Hodgson, A., Russell, M. (2014). Comprehending comprehensive income.Australian Accounting Review, 24(2), 100-110. Holmes, K. (2012). 14 Taxation and accounting issues in development policies. Handbook of Accounting and Development, 245. Hopper, T. (2012). Handbook of accounting and development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Ismail, N. A., King, M. (2014). Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms. Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), 1-20. Kaplan, R. S., Atkinson, A. A. (2015). Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning.